![]() ![]() Yet despite its widescale use, there is no evidence that regular consumption of caffeine or coffee has adverse effects on the liver. Some degree of caffeine intake is almost universal in modern society and an estimated 90% of adults in the United States consume caffeine daily, the average amount being 200 mg daily. Severe toxicity is marked by confusion, excessive anxiety, mania, hallucinations, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, cardiorespiratory arrest and death. Symptoms include nervousness, irritability, insomnia, headaches, rapid heartbeat, tremor, and gastrointestinal discomfort. In high doses however, generally in excess of 1000 mg daily, caffeine can be toxic. Caffeine in typical amounts is well tolerated and not associated with long term adverse outcomes. Caffeine is a frequent component of multiingredient dietary supplements which may not provide the actual concentrations but are often in the range of 50 to 250 mg per serving. Recently, energy drinks have become popular (Red Bull, Jolt, Monster, and others) which may contain added caffeine in concentrations of 80 to more than 200 mg per can or bottle. Soft drinks also contain caffeine usually in amounts similar to tea. The amount in chocolate generally ranges from 10 to 30 mg per bar. The concentration of caffeine in coffee varies greatly by method of preparation and source, but typically ranges from 80 to 175 mg per cup of coffee, and from 20 to 80 mg per cup of tea. Caffeine is, however, the most commonly used psychoactive drug in the world, largely because of its presence in coffee and tea. Nevertheless, caffeine is not formally approved as a medication for any condition or disorder. Caffeine has many other actions including inhibition of other neurotransmitters as well as antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. Reversal of the actions of adenosine may account for the psychoactive characteristics of caffeine containing products. Adenosine in the circulation suppresses neural activity and is believed to be responsible for the feeling of sleepiness via activation of sleep promoting neurons. Caffeine acts as a CNS stimulant, probably by displacing adenosine from A 1 or A 2 receptors in the brain. Finally, caffeine is available over-the-counter in tablets generally of 100 or 200 mg for improving alertness and decreasing sleepiness. Caffeine is a frequent component of multiingredient dietary supplements, particularly those used for weight loss, improving athletic performance, increasing alertness and decreasing sleepiness. ![]() Caffeine is also found in several herbs including yerba mate, green coffee beans, guarana berries and yaupon holly. At least 90% of adults in the United States consume caffeine daily. Caffeine is a psychoactive xanthine alkaloid that is a major component of coffee, tea and some foods (chocolate) and is the most frequently used psychoactive agent. ![]()
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